MT as an adaptive protein can prevent both diabetes development and its complications or other subsequent pathogenic injury.

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• Metallothionein as an Adaptive Protein Prevents Diabetes and its Toxicity

• Metallothionein Preserves Akt2 Activity and Cardiac Function via Inhibiting TRB3 in Diabetic Hearts

• Metallothionein Prevents Diabetes-Induced Deficits in Cardiomyocytes by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Production

• Cardiac Metallothionein Induction Plays the Major Role in the Prevention of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Zinc Supplementation

• Protective Effects of Metallothionein on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats

• More Publications…

MTs have the potential to prevent obesity-related diseases, at least in part, through suppression of disease-induced generation of superoxide and endoplasmic reticulum stress and associated damage. Metallothioneins protect against HFD-induced weight gain, moderate insulin resistance, and metabolic alterations by protecting mitochondrial function and energy metabolism in the hypothalamus.

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• Metallothionein: The multipurpose protein

• Metallothionein” Structure and regulation

• Development of high-fat-diet-induced obesity in female metallothionein-null mice

MT2A could regulate cell inflammatory response through inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) [55], and endothelial-overexpressed LPS-associated factor-1 (EOLA1) [56]. Inflammatory cytokines are released by oxidative stress [57], whereas MT2A could inhibit the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α [15]. MT-1/2 knockout would significantly aggravate renal oxidative damage and inflammation induced by intermittent hypoxiavia Nrf2 signaling pathway [58].

 

• Metallothionein as an Anti-Inflammatory Mediator

• Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

• Metallothioneins 1 and 2 Modulate Inflammation and Support Remodeling in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

• Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection

 Zn-MT redox system might be used as a therapeutic target to combat oxidative stress in the ocular tissues for the treatment of age- and oxidative-stress-related eye diseases, through its reactivation by MT synthesis induction, thionein system regeneration, or both. Moreover, its combination with the activation of additional enzymatic antioxidants within the eye may contribute to diminish free radicals and enhance population healthy ageing.

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• Antioxidant Defenses in the Human Eye: A Focus on Metallothioneins

• Role of Metallothioneins 1 and 2 in Ocular Neovascularization

• The Zinc-Metallothionein Redox System Reduces Oxidative Stress in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Metallothioneins are multipurpose neuroprotectors, they play a major role in the defense against neurodegenerative disorders and other injuries. MTs influence tissue architecture, cognition and protect against mercury neurotoxicity.

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• Physiological Roles of Metallothioneins in Central Nervous System Diseases

• Metallothioneins in Brain—The Role in Physiology and Pathology

• Metallothioneins and the Central Nervous System: From a Deregulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases to the Development of New Therapeutic Approaches

• Metallothionein in Brain Disorders

• Metallothionein in the central nervous system: roles in protection, regeneration and cognition

Metallothionein are linked to a number of liver diseases, including liver cell regeneration

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• Metallothionein and Liver Cell Regeneration Dr. Cherian

• Metallothionein Protection against Alcoholic Liver Injury through Inhibition of Oxidative Stress

• Significance of metallothionein expression in liver disease

The induction of metallothioneins in the wound margin reflect their role in promoting cell proliferation re-epithelization.  MT is a crucial substance in the chemical protection of the body when organisms are subjected to physico-chemical or even biological stress.  The protective effect of MTs in radiation injury have been demonstrated both in-vivo and in cells.

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• Zinc-metallothionein protects from DNA damage induced by radiation better than glutathione and copper- or cadmium-metallothioneins

• Metallothioneins: potential therapeutic aids for wound healing in the skin

• Metallothionein prolongs survival and antagonizes senescence-associated cardiomyocyte diastolic dysfunction: role of oxidative stress

• Metallothionein in radiation exposure: its induction and protective role

• Induction of Metallothionein in Human Skin by Routine Exposure to Sunlight

• The effect of metallothionein on wound healing and reinnervation of the skin following burn injury

• Wound Repair and Regeneration

• Epidermal Proliferation of the Skin in Metallothionein-Null Mice

Metallothioneins are extremely important for all pets, including horses.

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• MT as a promising tool in the treatment of liver inflammation in cats, horses and other species.

• Metallothionein Expression in Dogs With Chronic Hepatitis and Its Correlation With Hepatic Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Ki-67 Expression

MT2A is a potent antioxidant in heart [37,53,79] (Table 1). More importantly, antioxidant is shown to exert beneficial effects in hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure [17,80]

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• Metallothionein Protects the Heart Against Myocardial Infarction via the mTORC2/FoxO3a/Bim Pathway

• Metallothionein prolongs survival and antagonizes senescence-associated cardiomyocyte diastolic dysfunction

• The Antioxidant Function of Metallothionein in the Heart

MTs play a pivotal role in multiple biological processes by virtue of their unusual metal-binding functions, such as participating in metal ion homeostasis and detoxification, regulation of cell growth and proliferation, and protecting the body against DNA damage and oxidative stress.  The research covering MTs may provide new insight for treating cancer. 

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• The roles of metallothioneins in carcinogenesis

• Metallothionein: A multifunctional protein from toxicity to cancer

• Metallothionein: Potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma

• Metallothionein and Liver Cell Regeneration

• Metallothionein MT1M is a tumor suppressor of human hepatocellular carcinomas

• Metallothionein 1G functions as a tumor suppressor in thyroid cancer

• Metallothionein 1 h tumour suppressor activity in prostate cancer is mediated by euchromatin  methyltransferase 1

Metallothioneins are a potent anti-oxidant preventing oxidation in any tissue after injury. They protect various tissues during pathological conditions and the MT‐I + II increases post-exercise may represent a mechanism whereby contracting muscle-fibers are protected against cellular stress and injury.

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• Blockade of Metallothioneins 1 and 2 Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength

• Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression

• Metallothionein deficiency leads to soleus muscle contractile dysfunction following acute spinal cord injury in mice